Pickleball-Related Eye Injuries
Pickleball-related eye injuries are on the rise due to the sport’s rapid growth in the United States, especially among adults aged 50 and older
Speech
Organs of speech are the parts of the human body that work together to produce speech sounds, mainly by shaping and controlling the flow of air from the lungs. They are usually grouped into three main systems.
Main systems
• Respiratory system: Includes the lungs, chest muscles, diaphragm, and windpipe (trachea), which generate and push out the airstream that powers speech.
• Phonatory system: Mainly the larynx and vocal folds (vocal cords), which can vibrate to create voiced sounds or stay apart for voiceless sounds.
• Articulatory system: Includes the tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, and nasal cavity, which shape and modify the airstream into distinct speech sounds.
Key individual organs
• Tongue: The most active articulator, with parts such as tip, blade, front, back, and root, used to form many different consonants and vowels.
• Lips: Form bilabial sounds (like /p, b, m/) and labiodental sounds (like /f, v/) by opening, closing, or rounding.
• Teeth and alveolar ridge: The upper teeth and the ridge just behind them help produce dental and alveolar sounds (like /t, d, s, z/).
• Hard and soft palate: The hard palate (roof of the mouth) and velum (soft palate) help direct air through the mouth or nose and form palatal and velar sounds (like /k, g, ŋ/).
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